See kraʔ on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-kat-pro",
"2": "*krnaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Katuic: *krnaa",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infixed derivative"
},
"expansion": "(infixed derivative)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Katuic: *krnaa (Sidwell, 2005) (see there for further descendants) (infixed derivative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-mnc-pro",
"2": "*trəw",
"t": "path, road"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Monic: *trəw (“path, road”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Monic: *trəw (“path, road”) (Diffloth, 1984)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Mon: *kəra̱o̯"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Nyah Kur: *tərə̱w"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mun-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Munda:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "provisional reconstruction"
},
"expansion": "(provisional reconstruction)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Munda: **kOrA (Sidwell & Rau, 2015) (provisional reconstruction)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unr",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Mundari:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mundari: hɔɾa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-nic-pro",
"2": "*kaɹiː"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Nicobarese: *kaɹiː",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "metathesis"
},
"expansion": "(metathesis)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Nicobarese: *kaɹiː (Sidwell, 2018) (see there for further descendants) (metathesis)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ncb",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Central Nicobarese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Nicobarese: kaji"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pal-pro",
"2": "*kraːʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Palaungic: *kraːʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Palaungic: *kraːʔ (Sidwell, 2015) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-vie-pro",
"2": "*k-raːʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic: *k-raːʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Vietic: *k-raːʔ (Ferlus, 2007) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "sá"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese: sá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vietnamese: sá"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hmx-pro",
"2": "*kləuˣ",
"3": "*kləuX",
"4": "road"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "och",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Chinese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*kə.lˤuʔ"
},
"expansion": "*[kə.l]ˤuʔ",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "道",
"tr": "*kə.lˤuʔ"
},
"expansion": "道 (OC *[kə.l]ˤuʔ)",
"name": "och-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Austroasiatic: *kraʔ (Sidwell, 2024, #AA073)\n* Proto-Mon-Khmer: *kraʔ (Shorto, 2006, #162)\nCompare Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road”) (Ostapirat, 2018) and Old Chinese 道 (OC *[kə.l]ˤuʔ).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kraʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Austroasiatic",
"lang_code": "aav-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Austroasiatic/kraʔ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Austroasiatic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"road, way"
],
"id": "en-kraʔ-aav-pro-noun-D7Z0Cjeq",
"links": [
[
"road",
"road"
],
[
"way",
"way"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*glɔːŋ"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kraʔ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-kat-pro",
"2": "*krnaa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Katuic: *krnaa",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infixed derivative"
},
"expansion": "(infixed derivative)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Katuic: *krnaa (Sidwell, 2005) (see there for further descendants) (infixed derivative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-mnc-pro",
"2": "*trəw",
"t": "path, road"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Monic: *trəw (“path, road”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Monic: *trəw (“path, road”) (Diffloth, 1984)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Mon: *kəra̱o̯"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Nyah Kur: *tərə̱w"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mun-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Munda:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "provisional reconstruction"
},
"expansion": "(provisional reconstruction)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Munda: **kOrA (Sidwell & Rau, 2015) (provisional reconstruction)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "unr",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Mundari:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mundari: hɔɾa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-nic-pro",
"2": "*kaɹiː"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Nicobarese: *kaɹiː",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "metathesis"
},
"expansion": "(metathesis)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Nicobarese: *kaɹiː (Sidwell, 2018) (see there for further descendants) (metathesis)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ncb",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Central Nicobarese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Nicobarese: kaji"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pal-pro",
"2": "*kraːʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Palaungic: *kraːʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Palaungic: *kraːʔ (Sidwell, 2015) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-vie-pro",
"2": "*k-raːʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic: *k-raːʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Vietic: *k-raːʔ (Ferlus, 2007) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "sá"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese: sá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vietnamese: sá"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hmx-pro",
"2": "*kləuˣ",
"3": "*kləuX",
"4": "road"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "och",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Chinese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*kə.lˤuʔ"
},
"expansion": "*[kə.l]ˤuʔ",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "道",
"tr": "*kə.lˤuʔ"
},
"expansion": "道 (OC *[kə.l]ˤuʔ)",
"name": "och-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Austroasiatic: *kraʔ (Sidwell, 2024, #AA073)\n* Proto-Mon-Khmer: *kraʔ (Shorto, 2006, #162)\nCompare Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road”) (Ostapirat, 2018) and Old Chinese 道 (OC *[kə.l]ˤuʔ).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kraʔ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Austroasiatic",
"lang_code": "aav-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Austroasiatic/kraʔ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Austroasiatic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Austroasiatic lemmas",
"Proto-Austroasiatic nouns",
"aav-pro:Roads"
],
"glosses": [
"road, way"
],
"links": [
[
"road",
"road"
],
[
"way",
"way"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*glɔːŋ"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kraʔ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kraʔ meaning in All languages combined (3.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.